First Information Report

The First Information Report (FIR) is a document containing information about a cognizable offence, recorded under Section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. It is the first step in the criminal justice process and triggers the investigation by police.

Key features of an FIR: 1. Must relate to a cognizable offence 2. Must be in writing (or reduced to writing if oral) 3. Must be signed by the informant 4. Must be recorded in a book kept at the police station 5. Copy must be given to the informant free of cost

The FIR is not substantive evidence but is important for corroboration. It can be used to: - Corroborate the maker under Section 157 Evidence Act - Contradict the maker under Section 145 Evidence Act - Impeach the credit of the maker under Section 155 Evidence Act

Registration of FIR is mandatory for cognizable offences. The Supreme Court in Lalita Kumari case held that if information discloses commission of cognizable offence, FIR must be registered. Only in exceptional cases involving matrimonial, commercial, or medical negligence disputes may preliminary inquiry be conducted.

An FIR can be filed by the victim, eyewitness, or any person having knowledge of the offence. Even anonymous information or media reports can trigger registration.