Injunction

An injunction is an equitable remedy in the form of a court order that compels a party to do or refrain from doing certain acts. In Indian law, injunctions are governed by the Specific Relief Act, 1963 (Sections 36-42) and the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Order 39).

Injunctions are classified into three types: (1) Temporary or interim injunctions, granted during the pendency of a suit to preserve the status quo; (2) Perpetual injunctions, granted as final relief upon adjudication of rights; and (3) Mandatory injunctions, which compel positive action rather than restraint.

For grant of temporary injunction, courts apply the triple test: prima facie case, balance of convenience, and irreparable injury. The courts exercise discretion based on equitable principles, and the party seeking injunction must approach with clean hands. Anti-suit injunctions restraining parties from pursuing parallel proceedings in other jurisdictions have gained significance in recent jurisprudence.